نوع مقاله : پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه تاریخ و تمدن ملل اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران.
2 استادیار گروه تاریخ و تمدن ملل اسلامی، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی، قزوین، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
During the Ottoman era, local governments appointed by the Ottomans intensified their policies and actions against Shī‘ī communities within al-Shām (Greater Syria). The Ma‘nid dynasty was one such local government that, with Ottoman backing, implemented extensive anti-Shī‘a policies and strategies. Fakhral-Dīn II became particularly notorious for his continuous raids on Shī‘ī areas in Jabal ‘Āmil, Jabal Lubnān, Ba‘labakk, and the Biqā‘ Valley. This article examines the causes and consequences of Fakhr al-Dīn II's attacks on these Shī‘ī areas, along with the role of the Ottomans. It concludes that Fakhr al-Dīn II, ultimately seeking autonomy for Lebanon, harbored ambitions to overthrow Ottoman rule. To achieve this goal, he adopted a two-pronged approach towards the Shī‘a. On the one hand, he appeased the Ottomans by dividing Shī‘ī clans, relocating Maronites to Shī‘a settlements, eliminating Shī‘ī leaders, establishing military outposts, and settling Sunnī clans in these areas to monitor Shī‘ī activity. On the other hand, he attempted to liberate Lebanon from Ottoman control by seizing the emirates of Safad, Beirut, Sidon, and Keserwan, forming alliances with European powers, and consolidating his own power. Despite widespread repression of the Shī‘a with the complicity of the Pashas of Sham, Fakhr al-Dīn II's downfall ultimately stemmed from the exposure of his secret commercial-military agreement with Italy and Tuscany against the Ottomans. This not only led to the failure of his goals but also presented an opportunity for the Shī‘ī clans to regain their lost influence
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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